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PROGRAMMINg WHAT IS  PROGRAMMING ? A programming is a series of instructions that directs a computer to perform task. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE ? A  programming language  is a  formal language , which comprises a  set of instructions  used to produce various kinds of  output . Programming languages are used to create  programs  that implement specific  algorithms . TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE? 1)HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE  A  h igh- l evel  l anguage  ( HLL ) is a  programming language  such as  C ,  FORTRAN , or  Pascal  that enables a  programmer  to write  programs that are more or less independent of a particular type of  computer . Such  languages  are considered high-level because they are closer to human languages and further from  machine languages . In contrast,  assembly languages  are considered low-level because they...
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BOOT MENU The  boot menu  is a menu accessible when a computer is first starting up. It can contain a number of different device options to boot to, including CD, DVD, Flash or hard drives, and a LAN (network). The boot menu allows a user to load up other operating systems or applications, even if the computer itself already has an operating system on it. It is also useful when trying to install a new operating system on a computer, and the user needs to load the installation application from a CD or DVD. HOW TO ENTER BOOT MENU? When a computer is starting up, the user can access the boot menu by pressing one of several keyboard keys. Common keys for accessing the boot menu are Esc, F2, F10 or F12, depending on the manufacturer of the computer or motherboard. The specific key to press is usually specified on the computer's startup screen. The boot menu allows a user to select what device to load an operating system or application from as the computer is booting.
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BIOS SETUP BIOS (basic input/output system) is the program a personal computer's microprocessor uses to get the computer system started after you turn it on. It also manages data flow between the computer's operating system and attached devices such as the hard disk, video adapter, keyboard, mouse and printer. BIOS is an integral part of your computer and comes with it when you bring it home. (In contrast, the operating system can either be pre-installed by the manufacturer or vendor or installed by the user.) BIOS is a program that is made accessible to the microprocessor on an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) chip. When you turn on your computer, the microprocessor passes control to the BIOS program, which is always located at the same place on EPROM. When BIOS boots up (starts up) your computer, it first determines whether all of the attachments are in place and operational and then it loads the operating system (or key parts of it) into your computer...
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TYPES OF MICROSOFT WINDOWS 1.  Windows 1.0 – 2.0 (1985-1992) Introduced in 1985, Microsoft Windows 1.0 was named due to the computing boxes, or "windows" that represented a fundamental aspect of the operating system. Instead of typing MS-DOS commands, windows 1.0 allowed users to point and click to access the windows. In 1987 Microsoft released Windows 2.0, which was designed for the designed for the Intel 286 processor. This version added desktop icons, keyboard shortcuts and improved graphics support. 2. Windows 3.0 – 3.1 (1990–1994) Windows 3.0 was released in May, 1900 offering better icons, performance and advanced graphics with 16 colors designed for Intel 386 processors. This version is the first release that provides the standard "look and feel" of Microsoft Windows for many years to come. Windows 3.0 included Program Manager, File Manager and Print Manager and games (Hearts, Minesweeper and Solitaire). Microsoft released Windows 3.1 in 19...
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TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM Firstly, what is operating system? An operating system better known as OS is  system software  that manages  computer hardware  and  software  resources and provides common  services  for  computer programs. 1. Batch Operating System The users of a batch operating system do not interact with the computer directly. Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it to the computer operator. To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are batched together and run as a group. The programmers leave their programs with the operator and the operator then sorts the programs with similar requirements into batches. 2. Time Sharing Operating Systems Time-sharing is a technique which enables many people, located at various terminals, to use a particular computer system at the same time. Time-sharing or multitasking is a logical extension of multiprogramming. Processor's time which is sh...
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